The Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre With Glass Fibre Hybrid Reinforced Plastics

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/2475 on 15.03.2017 by CS (TIS)Fibre composite hybrid materials are generally plastics reinforced with two different fibre species. The combination of these three materials (in this thesis they are carbon fibres, glass fibres and polyester resin) allows a balance to be achieved between the properties of the two monofibre composites. Over the fifteen years since the introduction of continuous carbon fibre as a reinforcement, there has been considerable speculation about the "hybrid effect", a synergistic strengthening of reinforced plastics with two fibres when compared with the strength predicted from a weighted average from the component composites. A new equation is presented which predicts the extent of the hybrid effect. Experiments with a variety of carbon-glass hybrids were undertaken to examine the validity of the theory and the effect of the degree of inter-mixing of the fibres. The classification and quantification of the hybrid microstructures was examined with a view to crosscorrelation of the intimacy of mixing and the strength. Mechanical tests were monitored with acoustic emission counting and acoustic emission amplitude distribution equipment. Some specimens were subjected to one thermal cycle to liquid nitrogen temperature prior to testing. Fracture surfaces were examined in the scanning electron microscope. Numerical analysis by finite element methods was attempted. A constant strain triangular element was used initially, but in the later analyses the PAFEC anisotropic isoparametric quadrilateral elements were used. The system was adapted so that a \Ir singularity could be modelled, and post processor software was written to allow nodal averaging of the stresses and the presentation of this data graphically as stress contour maps

Forensic identification of bast fibres

This book focuses on future research directions that will make biocomposites a successful player in the field of high-strength structural applications

Effect of time at temperature for natural fibres

The manufacture of natural fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites is generally assumed to be limited to temperatures not exceeding 200°C. However, given the covalent bonding in the various constituents of natural fibres, they should retain properties to an extent dependent on the time at temperature. This study considers fibre mechanical properties after heating in air for various temperatures and times

THE EFFECT OF PERMEANT ON THE MEASURED PERMEABILITY OF A REINFORCEMENT

SUMMARY: Darcy's Law did not initially contain a term for the viscosity as the value for water could be taken as one. Further the equation does not include a term for contact angle as the model assumes flow in wetted media. In order to model Liquid Composite Moulding processes, it was necessary to add a viscosity term to account for the range of fluids used. For unsaturated (wetting) flow, the conditions at the flow front will be different to the wetted flow behind the flow front. The wetting flow permeability may vary with the fluid. Steenkamer et al (1995) concluded that "fabrics should be characterised with the actual liquid moulding resin selected for a given application". This paper will review the literature and discuss the need to introduce a further term to Darcy's Law to account for the different surface energies/contact angles at the flow front in the determination of reinforcement permeabilities using model fluids

The mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced poly(lactic acid) bio-composites to wet, freezing and humid environments

Publisher policy: author can archive post-print on institutional repository. Publisher copyright and source must be acknowledged. Publisher's version/PDF cannot be used. Must link to publisher version with DOI.Bio-composites are increasingly being perceived as a green alternative to synthetic composites in many applications. However, the overall long-term durability of bio-composites is a major concern, particularly their ability for sustained performance under harsh and changing environmental conditions. This paper reports a detailed study on the effect of environmental conditions on the performance of flax/poly(lactic acid) bio-composites. Neat poly(lactic acid) and biocomposite samples were exposed to environments similar to those found outdoors: wet, freezing and humid. Moisture absorption and physical changes of specimens were periodically examined. Flexural and tensile properties were evaluated periodically to determine the detrimental effect of each exposure condition on the mechanical performance of biocomposites. Direct contact with liquid water is the most deteriorating environment for bio-composites. A drying process can partially restore the mechanical performance of these materials. Bio-composites can survive reliably in warm humid environments and in those that could create freeze and thaw cycles for short-term outdoor applications. The mechanisms and reasons involved in the degradation of the properties of green composites are discussed

Life Cycle Assessment Research Trends and Implications: A Bibliometric Analysis

Acknowledging the importance of sustainability and implementing measures to achieve the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 represent a holistic approach to promoting peace and prosperity for the planet and its inhabitants. LCA is a valuable tool for organisations to enhance sustainability and reduce environmental impact. There has been a notable increase in LCA research subjects, indicating a recognition of its significance in promoting sustainability. The field has experienced a significant expansion in the past decade, with a 30% annual percent growth rate in LCA publications since 2010. In the most recent 4 years alone, 47% of all LCA publications since 1991 were produced. This paper presents a comprehensive review of LCA research from 1991 to 2022, with a specific focus on the period from 2019 to 2022. The study identifies research avenues and trends in LCA research using diverse bibliometric analysis techniques alongside content examination and the SciVal topic clusters prominence indicator. This comprehensive approach reveals evolving trends, such as an increased emphasis on practical applications for global sustainability goals, LCA’s expansion into bio-based materials due to plastic pollution concerns, and quantification of circular economy benefits in solid waste management. Moreover, deeper exploration of energy-related sustainability aspects and the integration of LCA into early product development for eco-conscious design are observed. These trends signify widespread LCA adoption across industries to address energy and design-related sustainability challenges. The study acknowledges interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, industry, and governments, shaping a robust LCA research landscape. China’s heightened contributions as a leading contributor to the field have reshaped the global LCA landscape mirrored in the evolving prominence of journals, institutes, and funding organisations.</jats:p

Consolidation process boundaries of the degradation of mechanical properties in compression moulding of natural-fibre bio-polymer composites

In spite of the volume of literature on natural fibres, bio-matrix materials and their composites, the choices of optimum process parameters such as moulding temperature, pressure and compression time are still largely based on experience, rules of thumb and general knowledge of the chemical and physical processes occurring in the melt during consolidation. The moulding process itself is a complex balance between processes that must occur for the composite to successfully consolidate and the onset of thermal degradation of the natural fibre and/or matrix materials. This paper brings together models of thermal penetration, melt infusion, thermal degradation and chemical degradation of natural polymers to construct an ideal processing window for a bio-composite. All processes are mapped in terms of normalized consolidation progress parameters making it easier to identify critical processes and process boundaries. Validation of the concept is achieved by measuring changes in the mechanical properties of a flax/PLA bio-composite formed over a range of processing conditions within and outside of the optimized window

Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites using a self-updating model

No embargo required The aim of the current work was to illustrate the effect of the fibre area correction factor on the results of modelling natural fibre-reinforced composites. A mesoscopic approach is adopted to represent the stochastic heterogeneity of the composite, i.e. a meso-structural numerical model was prototyped using the finite element method including quasi-unidirectional discrete fibre elements embedded in a matrix. The model was verified by the experimental results from previous work on jute fibres but is extendable to every natural fibre with cross-sectional non-uniformity. A correction factor was suggested to fine-tune both the analytical and numerical models. Moreover, a model updating technique for considering the size-effect of fibres is introduced and its implementation was automated by means of FORTRAN subroutines and Python scripts. It was shown that correcting and updating the fibre strength is critical to obtain accurate macroscopic response of the composite when discrete modelling of fibres is intended. Based on the current study, it is found that consideration of the effect of flaws on the strength of natural fibres and inclusion of the fibre area correction factor are crucial to obtain realistic results. </jats:p

Use of eco-friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

[EN] In the last years, some high renewable content epoxy resins, derived from vegetable oils, have been developed at industrial level and are now commercially available; these can compete with petroleum-based resins as thermoset matrices for composite materials. Nevertheless, due to the relatively high cost in comparison to petroleum-based resins, their use is still restricted to applications with relatively low volume consumption such as model making, tuning components, nautical parts, special effects, outdoor sculptures, etc. in which, the use of composite laminates with carbon, aramid and, mainly, glass fibers is generalized by using hand layup and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques due to low manufacturing costs and easy implementation. In this work, we study the behavior of two high renewable content epoxy resins derived from vegetable oils as potential substitutes of petroleum-based epoxies in composite laminates with flax reinforcements by using the VARTM technique. The curing behavior of the different epoxy resins is compared in terms of the gel point and exothermicity profile by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, overall performance of flax-epoxy composites is compared with standardized mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact) and thermal (Vicat softening temperature, heat deflection temperature, thermo-mechanical analysis) tests. The curing DSC profiles of the two eco-friendly epoxy resins are similar to a conventional epoxy resin. They can be easily handled and processed by conventional VARTM process thus leading to composite laminates with flax with balanced mechanical and thermal properties, similar or even higher to a multipurpose epoxy resin. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers.This work is part of the project IPT-310000-2010-037, "ECOTEXCOMP: Research and development of textile structures useful as reinforcement of composite materials with marked ecological character" funded by the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion", with an aid of 189540.20 euros, within the "Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e InnovacionTecnologica 2008-2011" and funded by the European Union through FEDER funds, Technology Fund 2007-2013, Operational Programme on R+D+i for and on behalf of the companies."Bertomeu Perelló, D.; García Sanoguera, D.; Fenollar Gimeno, OÁ.; Boronat Vitoria, T.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2012). 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